Analysis of Cochrane Systematic Reviews about retinopathy of prematurity / Análise das Revisões Sistemáticas da Cochrane sobre retinopatia da prematuridade

ABSTRACT Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disorder that affects extremely premature infants and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in childhood. Objective: This study presents a review of Cochrane systematic reviews about ROP. Methods: We analyzed and summarized the results of all intervention, prevention and treatment, from Cochrane Systematic Reviews (SR) for ROP designed to the highest standard of rigor to show the current position and propose studies that are missing for decision making. Results: Eight SR were analyzed in this study, four in prophylaxis and four in treatment of ROP. The outcome 'Beneficial effect of oral beta-blockers on progression to stage 3 ROP but not to stage 2 ROP with plus disease or to stage 4 or 5 ROP was the only one that presented moderate evidence quality, all the others outcomes presented evidence quality floating from low to very low. Conclusion: There is a lack of studies showing the quality of evidence in the treatment and prevention of retinopathy of prematurity, particularly in long-term outcomes after treatment in order to assess the impact and quality of life of these patients.

RESUMO Introdução: A retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) é um distúrbio vasoproliferativo da retina que afeta recém nascidos extremamente prematuros e é a principal causa de cegueira irreversível na infância. Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta uma revisão das revisões sistemáticas da Cochrane sobre ROP. Métodos: Analisamos e resumimos os resultados de todas as intervenções, prevenção e tratamento, das revisões sistemáticas (SR) da Cochrane para ROP, projetada com o mais alto padrão de rigor para mostrar a posição atual e propor estudos que estão faltando para a tomada de decisão. Resultados: Oito RS foram analisados neste estudo, quatro em profilaxia e quatro em tratamento de ROP. O efeito benéfico dos betabloqueadores orais na progressão para a ROP do estágio 3, mas não para a ROP da fase 2 com doença positiva ou para a ROP da fase 4 ou 5 foi o único que apresentou qualidade de evidência moderada, todos os outros resultados apresentaram qualidade de evidência flutuante de baixo a muito baixo. Conclusão: Faltam estudos demonstrando a qualidade das evidências no tratamento e prevenção da retinopatia da prematuridade, principalmente em desfechos em longo prazo após o tratamento, a fim de avaliar o impacto e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de la retinopatía de la prematuridad / Clinical practice guideline for the prevention, diagnosis and management of retinopathy of prematurity

La Retinopatía de la Prematuridad (ROP por sus siglas en inglés) es un trastorno retiniano vasoproliferativo y una de las causas principales de ceguera prevenible en niños (1). La ROP afecta a recién nacidos prematuros (RNP) y está asociada a la administración inadecuada de oxígeno (2). El Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) priorizó la realización de la presente guía de práctica clínica (GPC) con la finalidad de establecer lineamientos basados en evidencia para gestionar de la mejor manera los procesos y procedimientos asistenciales de las presentes condiciones clínicas. Esta GPC fue realizada por la Dirección de Guías de Práctica Clínica, Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI) de EsSalud.

Retinopatia da prematuridade: análise de uma tentativa de redução de danos / Retinopathy of prematurity: analysis of a damage reduction attempt

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo de redução da saturação do oxigênio utilizado na suplementação dos recém-nascidos pré-termos (RNPT) internados em uma UTI neonatal para prevenir o aparecimento da Retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP). Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de coorte realizado em única UTI Neonatal. O primeiro grupo (pré-protocolo, n=30) fez uso de oxigênio com saturação de hemoglobina >95%. A partir da instituição de um novo protocolo de oxigenioterapia que manteve a saturação de hemoglobina entre 90% e 95% obteve-se o segundo grupo (pós-protocolo n=28). Todos os RNPT incluídos tinham idade gestacional de menor ou igual 32 semanas e/ou com peso de nascimento igual ou abaixo de 1500g, fizeram mapeamentos de retina a partir de 28 dias de vida e seguimento por até 45 semanas de idade gestacional corrigida. Resultados: Dos 58 casos estudados, excluindo-se os que foram a óbito (15/58; 26,8%) dos casos, ROP foi diagnosticado em 15/43 (34,9%) pacientes. A menor idade gestacional influenciou significativamente no aparecimento da ROP (p=0,002). Em relação ao número de casos de ROP e de óbitos não se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. O tempo de oxigenioterapia foi significativamente associado com a presença de ROP em ambos grupos. Meninos foram seis vezes mais acometidos por ROP que as meninas. Conclusão: A redução da saturação de oxigênio não se mostrou eficaz para redução de número de casos de ROP.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of an oxygen saturation reduction protocol used to supplement preterm newborns (PTNB) hospitalized in a neonatal ICU to prevent the onset of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: This is a cohort study performed in a single Neonatal ICU. The first group (pre-protocol, n = 30) used oxygen with hemoglobin saturation > 95%. Since the institution of a new oxygen therapy protocol that maintained hemoglobin saturation between 90% and 95%, the second group was obtained (post-protocol n = 28). All included preterm infants had a gestational age of less than or equal to 32 weeks and / or birth weight of 1500 g or less, retinal mappings from 28 days of life and follow up for up to 45 weeks of corrected gestational age. Results: 58 cases were studied, excluding those who died (15/58; 26.8%), ROP was diagnosed in 15/43 patients (34.9%). The lower gestational age significantly influenced the appearance of ROP (p = 0.002). Regarding the number of ROP cases and deaths, no statistically significant difference was observed between groups. Oxygen therapy time was significantly associated with the presence of ROP in both groups. Boys were six times more affected by ROP than girls. Conclusion: Reduction of oxygen saturation was not effective in reducing the number of cases of ROP.

Resultados del Programa Nacional de Prevención de la Ceguera en la Infancia por Retinopatía del Prematuro en Argentina (2004-2016) / Results of the National Program for the Prevention of Blindness in Childhood by Retinopathy of Prematurity in Argentina (2004-2016)

Introducción. El Grupo ROP Argentina,a cargo del "Programa Nacional para la Prevención de la Ceguera en la Infancia por Retinopatía del Prematuro" (ROP), se creó en 2003. Objetivos. Describir la implementación y resultados alcanzados por el programa en la efectividad, acceso y calidad en la atención de la ROP (2004-2016). Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de una cohorte dinámica, en instituciones adheridas al registro. Población elegible: la totalidad de recién nacidos prematuros con factores de riesgo para desarrollar ROP. Resultados. Los servicios incorporados aumentaron de 14 a 98; cubrieron 24 provincias. Los niños < 1500 g registrados en 2004fueron 956, y 2739 en 2016. El 22,7 % de estos presentó algún grado de ROP y el 7,8 % requirió tratamiento (ROP grave). La pesquisa superó el 90 % y aumentaron los tratamientos en el lugar de origen (57 %-92 %). La incidencia de casos inusuales sigue siendo elevada (17,3 % de los tratados) y aún se registran oportunidades perdidas. El uso de drogas antiangiogénicas se triplicó desde su inicio en 2011. Conclusiones. Se observan logros significativos en términos de representatividad, alcance y adherencia al programa, también en el acceso a la pesquisa y tratamiento en el lugar de origen; sin embargo, la incidencia de ROP es aún elevada. La subraya la necesidad de fortalecer aún más las acciones del programa en cuanto a servicios.

Introduction. The ROP Argentina Group was created in 2003 and is responsible for the National Program for the Prevention of Blindness in Childhood by Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Argentina. Objectives. To describe the program implementation and results achieved in relation to ROP care in terms of effectiveness, access, and quality (2004-2016). Population and methods. Descriptive, retrospective study with a dynamic cohort carried out in facilities that are part of the registry. Eligible population: All preterm newborn infants with risk factors for ROP. Results. Participating health care services increased from 14 to 98 and covered the 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. A total of 956 infants were born with < 1500 g in 2004 and 2739, in 2016. Of these, 22.7 % had some degree of ROP and 7.8 % required treatment (severe ROP). Vision screening exceeded 90 %, and treatments at the place of origin increased (57 %-92 %). The incidence of unusual cases is still high (17.3 % of treated cases), and missed opportunities are still recorded. The use of anti-angiogenic drugs trebled since 2011, when they started to be used. Conclusions. Significant achievements were observed in terms of program representativeness, scope, and adherence, and also in relation to screening access and treatment at the place of origin; however, the incidence of ROP is still high. The persistence of unusual cases and missed opportunities evidences deficiencies in the quality of health care and outpatient followup and underlines the need to strengthen the program actions in relation to services.

Association between human breast milk and retinopathy of prematurity / Associação entre ingesta de leite materno e desenvolvimento de retinopatia da prematuridade

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the possible protective effect of breast milk against retinopathy of prematurity by comparing the amount of breast milk received by patients who developed retinopathy of prematurity and those who did not and to determine both the required minimum amount of breast milk and the time of life during which neonates need to receive breast milk for this effect to be significant. Methods: Cohort study of newborns with a birth weight of <1500 g or gestational age of <32 weeks, or both, born between January 2011 and October 2014 and hospitalized within the first 24 h of life in the Hospital Criança Conceição Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Results: The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity of any degree was 31% (100 of 323 patients) and that of severe retinopathy of prematurity was of 9% (29 of 323 patients). The median amounts of breast milk received daily by patients with and without retinopathy of prematurity were 4.9 mL/kg (interquartile range, 0.3-15.4) and 10.2 mL/kg (1.5-25.5), respectively. The amount of breast milk received in the first 6 weeks of life was inversely associated with the incidence of both retinopathy of prematurity of any degree and severe retinopathy of prematurity in the univariate analyses. However, the statistical significance was maintained only during the sixth week of life in a per-period multivariate analysis controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions: Small amounts of breast milk are inadequate to prevent retinopathy of prematurity in premature newborns at risk for the disease.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o possível efeito protetor do leite materno contra a retinopatia da prematuridade, através da comparação da quantidade de leite materno recebida entre os pacientes que desenvolveram retinopatia da prematuridade e aqueles livres da doença. Tentar determinar a quantidade mínima necessária e o momento em que o recém-nascido precisa receber o leite materno para que esse efeito seja significativo. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional incluindo recém-nascidos com peso de nascimento inferior a 1500 gramas e/ou com idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas, nascidos no período de janeiro de 2011 a outubro de 2014 e internados nas primeiras 24 horas de vida na UTI Neonatal do Hospital da Criança Conceição em Porto Alegre. Resultados: A prevalência da retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau foi de 31% (100 casos em 323 pacientes) e a de retinopatia da prematuridade grave foi de 9% (29 casos em 323 pacientes). A mediana da quantidade de leite materno recebida pelos pacientes foi de 10,2 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes sem retinopatia da prematuridade (amplitude interquartil 1,5-25,5) e de 4,9 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes com retinopatia da prematuridade (0,3-15,4). A quantidade de leite materno recebida nas primeiras seis semanas de vida foi inversamente associada à incidência de retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau e de retinopatia da prematuridade grave nas análises univariadas, mas a significância estatística não se manteve após análise multivariada para controle de fatores confundidores na maioria dos períodos avaliados, exceto na sexta semana de vida. Conclusão: Pequenas quantidades de leite materno não são suficientes para prevenção de retinopatia da prematuridade em recém-nascidos com de risco para a doença.

A multi-country, cross-sectional observational study of retinopathy of prematurity in Latin America and the Caribbean / Estudio de observación, multinacional y transversal de la retinopatía del prematuro en América Latina y el Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective To consolidate available information from the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region on 1) national incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and 2) national-level government inputs on ROP (existing national policies, guidelines, programs, and financing for ROP prevention, detection, and treatment, including ROP screening) in 2014. Methods In March and April 2015, a multi-country online survey was distributed to 56 medical and public health experts working on ROP in LAC countries. Respondents were instructed to provide quantitative and qualitative information representative of the national situation in 2014 for ROP incidence and national-level government inputs (existing national policies, guidelines, programs, and financing for ROP prevention, detection, and treatment, including ROP screening) in their country. Results The survey was completed in full by a total of 11 experts from 10 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama). According to the survey results, six countries had a national policy that includes ROP prevention, detection, and treatment, with screening and treatment covered by national/federal funding. Eight countries had national guidelines for ROP. Four countries had legislation mandating eye examination of preterm infants. Most countries had Level 3 and 4 neonatal intensive care units with ROP programs in public sector health care facilities. Five countries had a data collection or monitoring system to track the number of newborn babies screened for ROP within hospital settings. On average, countries with three or four of the above-mentioned ROP elements screened 95% of eligible newborns in 2014, while those with only one or two of the ROP elements screened 35% of eligible newborns. Conclusions National government buy-in and involvement in ROP screening and treatment legislation is related to a higher proportion of eligible premature newborns being screened and treated for ROP. Further research should include more countries and assess national-level engagement with ROP, including ROP screening and treatment.

RESUMEN Objetivo Reunir la información disponible de la región de América Latina y el Caribe sobre: 1) la incidencia nacional de la retinopatía del prematuro (RP); y 2) las aportaciones gubernamentales en materia de RP a nivel nacional (políticas, directrices, programas y financiamiento nacionales para la prevención, la detección y el tratamiento de la RP, incluidas las campañas de tamizaje) en el 2014. Métodos En marzo y abril del 2015, se distribuyó en línea una encuesta multinacional a 56 expertos en medicina y en salud pública que trabajaban en el área de la RP en una serie de países de América Latina y el Caribe, en la que se pedía información cuantitativa y cualitativa que representase la situación de su país en el 2014, teniendo en cuenta la incidencia de la RP y las aportaciones gubernamentales a nivel nacional (políticas, directrices, programas y financiamiento nacionales para la prevención, la detección y el tratamiento de la RP, así como campañas de tamizaje). Resultados Contestaron la encuesta íntegramente 11 expertos de 10 países de América Latina y el Caribe (Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, República Dominicana, El Salvador, México, Nicaragua y Panamá). Seis países cuentan con una política nacional de prevención, detección y tratamiento de la RP, con financiamiento nacional/federal para sufragar el tamizaje y el tratamiento. Ocho países cuentan con directrices nacionales sobre RP. En cuatro países, la legislación establece la práctica de exploraciones oftalmológicas a todos los prematuros. La mayoría de los países disponen de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales de nivel 3 y 4 con programas de RP en los establecimientos públicos de atención de salud. Cinco países cuentan con una base de datos o sistema de vigilancia para hacer un seguimiento del número de neonatos que pasan el tamizaje de RP en el ámbito hospitalario. En promedio, en el 2014, los países que disponían de tres o cuatro de los citados elementos de RP realizaron el tamizaje al 95% de los neonatos que presentaban los criterios oportunos, mientras que los países que solo contaban con uno o dos elementos de RP lo realizaron al 35%. Conclusiones La implicación de los gobiernos nacionales y su participación en la legislación relativa al tamizaje y el tratamiento de la RP se relacionan con una proporción mayor de prematuros que pasan el tamizaje y reciben tratamiento por RP. En ulteriores investigaciones, habría que incluir a más países y evaluar el compromiso nacional con la RP, teniendo en cuenta el tamizaje y el tratamiento.

Estudio prospectivo y randomizado de suplementación de hierro temprana versus tardía en niños con peso al nacer menor de 1.301 g / Prospective randomized study of early versus late enteral iron supplementation in children who weighed < 1, 301 grams at birth

Objetivo: Determinar si la suplementación temprana de hierro disminuye la necesidad, el número y volúmen de glóbulos rojos transfundidos, en relación a la suplementación tardía de hierro en niños con peso de nacimiento menor a 1.301 g. Pacientes y Método: Recién nacidos de muy bajo peso (RNMPN) fueron randomi-zados a recibir suplementación temprana de hierro de 3 mg/kg/día, tan pronto estaban tolerando alimentación enteral de 100 ml/kg/día, o a los 61 días de vida como suplementación tardía. Se midió niveles de hemoglobina al inicio de la suplementación temprana de hierro y a los 2 meses de vida. La transfusión de glóbulos rojos fue restringida de acuerdo a las guías de transfusión y no se administró eritropoyetina. Resultados: No hay diferencias en el número de transfusiones de glóbulos rojos entre los grupos y en relación a las morbilidades asociadas con la prematuridad no habría diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: La suplementación temprana de hierro cuando el niño este tolerando 100 ml/kg/día de leche, no disminuiría la incidencia de las transfusiones de glóbulos rojos en relación al inicio tardío de hierro a los 61 días de vida y probablemente sea segura en los niños menores de 1.301 g.

Objective: Determine whether early iron supplementation would decrease the need, the number and volume of transfused red blood cells in relation to late iron supplementation in children with birth weight less than 1,301 g. Patients and Methods: Very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were randomly assigned to receive early iron supplementation of 3 mg/kg/day as soon as they could tolerate enteral feeding of 100 ml/kg/day, or at 61 days of life as late supplementation. Hemoglobin levels were measured at the beginning of early iron supplementation and at 2 months of age. The red blood cell transfusion was performed according to transfusion guidelines and erythropoietin was not administered. Results: No differences were observed regarding the number of red cell transfusions between the groups. Morbidities associated with prematurity presented no significant differences. Conclusions: Early iron supplementation to a child that is tolerating 100 mL/kg/day of milk, does not decrease the incidence of red blood cell transfusions compared to late start iron at 61 days of life, and it is probably safe in infants with birth weight < 1,301 g.

Early aggressive intravenous fat emulsion decreases the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early aggressive introduction of intravenous fat emulsion [IVFE] on the occurrence of retinopathy of prematurely [ROP]. A retrospective study conducted at Prince Hashem Ben Al- Hussein Military Hospital A 100 premature infants of

Early aggressive parenteral nutrition induced high insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 [IGFBP3] levels can prevent risk of retinopathy of prematurity

To evaluate early aggressive vs. conservative nutrition and its effect on Retinopathy of Prematurity [ROP] in <32 weeks of gestation neonates. A prospective, randomized, clinical study was conducted in NICU with a total of 75 preterm infants. In the intervention group, infants received early aggressive nutrition immediately after birth, in the control group infants were started on conventional parenteral nutrition [PN]. Blood samples were obtained for Insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 [IGFBP3] levels before commencement of PN on the first postnatal day, and from week 1 to 6 every week. All the infants were examined for ROP. Infants in the early aggressive group had a reduction in the risk of ROP of 5% [2 from 40]; the number of infants needed treatment averaged 3.7 [2.7 to 5.2]. A total of 11 neonates in the conventional group were detected having ROP [P<0.05]. Overall, IGF-I levels were higher in the aggressive PN [APN] vs the conventional PN [CPN]. ROP development was higher in the CPN compared to the APN. IGF-1levels were lower in ROP developers compared with non-ROP in the APN group. There was no difference in IGF-I levels in ROP developers versus non-ROP in the CPN group. IGF-1 levels were lower in the CPN group compared with the APN group in the third week in ROP developers. There was a correlation between ROP and IGF-1 levels. Through ROC analysis, IGF-1 was demonstrated as being a sensitive marker for ROP. IGF-1 levels were higher in the APN group versus the CPN group. This may indicate that IGF-1 levels simply being higher is not enough; rather, that being higher above a cutoff value may prevent ROP

Retinopatía del prematuro en un hospital regional de Guatemala / Retinopathy of prematurity in a regional hospital in Guatemala

Material y Métodos: Durante el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre del 2010, se examinaron 43 neonatos prematuros nacidos en el Hospital Regional de Cuilapa, Santa Rosa, quienes fueron referidos para evaluación oftalmológica. Resultados: Se encontró presencia de Retinopatía del prematuro en 21 (48.8%) pacientes y 6 (14%) necesitaron tratamiento...

Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity / Prevenção da retinopatia da prematuridade

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is related to oxygen-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor and to insulin-like growth factor-I. After premature birth, supplemental oxygen induces a retinal hyperoxic condition with vasoconstriction and to a definitive interruption of retinal vasculogenesis. Peripheral ischemia may stimulate retinal neovascularization and the onset of additional ROP-related complications. The natural course of the disease may result in irreversible blindness if not promptly diagnosed and attended. Recently, a significant increase in the prevalence of ROP has been observed in survival rates of preterm infants, especially in emerging-economy countries in Latin America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. This article addresses the main preventive measures in ROP.

A retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) está relacionada com o fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular e com o fator de crescimento insulínico-I. Após o nascimento prematuro, o oxigênio suplementar provoca hiperóxia retiniana com vasoconstrição e interrupção definitiva na vasculogênese retiniana. A isquemia retiniana periférica estimula a neovascularização e o surgimento das demais complicações da ROP. A doença, em sua evolução natural, poderá levar à cegueira irreversível, se não for diagnosticada e tratada oportunamente. Recentemente, houve um aumento na prevalência da ROP pela maior sobrevivência de nascidos prematuros especialmente nos países de economia em desenvolvimento na America Latina, Ásia e no Leste Europeu. Nesse artigo vamos abordar as principais medidas preventivas em ROP.

Adopting western retinopathy of prematurity screening programs in eastern countries, are we screening properly?

To describe retinopathy of prematurity [ROP] among Jordanian preterm infants and evaluate the efficacy of applying current Western screening guidelines for Jordanian preterms. In this retrospective, descriptive hospital based study, we collected data on preterm infants who were referred by their neonatologist for ROP screening at King Abdullah University Hospital between July 2006 and June 2007. Guidelines suggested by the American Academy of Pediatrics were followed. Additionally, older preterms considered at risk for ROP by the neonatal intensive care unit were screened. Any neonate with stage 1 ROP or higher in either eye was considered a positive case of ROP. Ninety-one preterms were included in the study. The median birth weight was 1390 gm [range,730-1980 gms] and the gestational age ranged from 26 to 35 weeks with 64.8% of preterms /= 32 weeks. Six patients [6.6%] required laser treatment, two with low birth weight greater than 1250 gm and one was 33 weeks of age. Consanguinity was identified in 19.2% of infants with ROP while consanguinity in infants who did not develop ROP was 1.9%. This difference was statistically significant [P<0.05]. ROP occurs in premature infants in Jordan with gestational age above 32 weeks and birth weight above 1250 gm. Future guidelines for screening should incorporate the current study outcomes. A prospective, population-based is required to set national guidelines for ROP screening in the Jordanian population and similarly for different populations worldwide. Consanguinity may play a role in ROP development and further genetic studies may aid in elucidating the pathogenesis of ROP

Comportamiento de la retinopatía de la prematuridad en el Hospital General Iván Portuondo en el año 2009 / Behavior of the retinopathy of prematurity in Ivßn Portuondo hospital in 2009

OBJETIVO: Conocer el comportamiento de la retinopatía de la prematuridad en los nacidos de menos de 1750 gramos o menos de 35 semanas. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo de todos los niños bajo peso nacidos en el Hospital General Iván Portuondo, desde enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2009, en el que se obtuvieron un total de 129 niños bajo peso. El protocolo de investigación está formado por los menores de 1 750 gramos de peso al nacer o con edad gestacional inferior a 35 semanas, además se valoraron algunos factores de riesgo. Se excluyeron del estudio los fallecidos en ese período. RESULTADOS: La incidencia fue de 0,24 por cada 10 000 nacidos vivos mediante examen oftalmológico. El 69,35 por ciento de los recién nacidos pesquisados nacieron entre las 32 y las 35 semanas de gestación y 40,32 por ciento con un peso entre 1 500-1 999 gramos. El 93,54 por ciento de los recién nacidos presentaron retina inmadura y un 3,22 por ciento desarrollaron retinopatía de la prematuridad. La misma cantidad de casos se trataron con láser y terapia tópica 50 por ciento, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Los valores sobre pacientes con retinopatía de la prematuridad en Cuba se encuentran dentro de los aceptados internacionales y estos se mueven a la par con el aumento de la supervivencia de los recién nacidos. Entre los factores que influyen proporcionalmente con esta enfermedad permanecen la edad gestacional y el peso al nacer. El láser se mantiene como estándar de tratamiento

OBJECTIVES: To learn about the behavior of the retinopathy of prematurity in newborns under 1750 grams of weight or 35 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal descriptive and observational study of all low birthweighed children at Iván Portuondo hospital, from January to December of 2009. A total of 129 low birth weight children were detected; the research protocol was formed by under 1 750 g birth weight or gestational age under 35 weeks in addition to assessing some risk factors. Those children who died in this period were excluded. RESULTS: The incidence was 0,24 per 10 000 live births according to the ophthalmologic exam. The 69,35 percent of the screened newborns were born at 32 to 35 weeks of gestation and 40,32 percent weighted 1500-1999 grams. Among these children, 93,54 percent presented with immature retina and 3,22 percent developed retinopathy of prematurity. The same number of cases was treated with laser and topical therapy (50 percent respectively) CONCLUSION: The values found in patients with retinopathy of prematurity in Cuba were within those internationally accepted figures and they change according to the increase in the survival of the newborns. Among the influential factors are the gestational age and the birth weight. Laser is considered as standard treatment

Retinopatía del prematuro / Retinopathy of Prematurity

La retinopatía del prematuro (RDP) es una complicación frecuente en los egresados de las UCIN y una causa importante de ceguera. Su prevención primaria depende de una tención reacional que respete límites de saturación en la oxigenoterapia. Su prevención secundaria requiere controles oftalmológicos oportunos y reiterados hasta completarse la vascularización de la retina. Estudios epidemiológcios realizados en el 2002 encontraron una situación alarmante por la frecuente afectación de pacientes de bajo riesgo (PN > 1500 g) y controles oftalmológicos tardíos. A partir del 2003 se conformó un grupo colaborativo multicéntrico para revertir esta situación. Objetivo: analizar las modificaciones de las características de los RN derivados por RDP al hospital JP Garrahan durante los períodos 1996-1999, 2000-2003 y 2004-2007. Métodos: diseño retrospectivo. Las variables analizadas fueron: PN, edad gestacional (EG), tiempo de tratamiento con 02 y ARM, edad de consulta, severidad de RDP, lugar dederivación (> o < a 70 Km). Resultados: el nº de consultas fue de 190, 613 y 489 respectivamente. La proporción de pacientes derivados de > 70 Km disminuyó del 50 al 35 por ciento. Los pacientes del último período han tenido > tiempo de ARM (P 0.04) y oxigenoterapia (p 0.001) pero no varió significativamente su PN ni EG. La proporción de pacientes con RDP severa aumentó del 56 por ciento al 67 por ciento. conclusión: ha disminuido la frecuentcia de derivaciones y las mismas coresponden a pacientes más graves. Continúa siendo la inaceptable la proporción de pacientes de bajo riesgo y la severidad de la RDP al momento de consulta.

Incidence, treatment and outcomes of retinopathy of prematurity at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil / Incidência e resultados do tratamento da retinopatia da prematuridade no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil

Objectives: This paper aims to evaluate the overall incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the rate of treatment in severe ROP, and the six-month outcomes in all preterm infants screened for ROP at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, between October 2002 and October 2006, Methods: A prospective cohort study included all premature children born with birth weight *1,500 grams or a gestational age at birth *32 weeks. All patients were examined by indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy between the 4th and the 6th week of life. The examinations were repeated depending on the disease classification according the International Classification of ROP. Results: Three hundred-twenty-two preterm infants were included in this study. ROP occurred in 82 infants (25.5%). Severe ROP occurred in 18 patients (5.6%). Seventeen of these were treated by diode laser photocoagulation. Three of the treated children needed a second laser session. One patient of the re-treated group needed scleral buckling surgery with an equatorial silicon band after progression for stage 4 of ROP. One patient missed the opportunity for laser and the disease progressed to stage 5 of ROP and blindness. Conclusions: The incidence of retinopathy at our institution was similar to international results as well the as percentage of severe disease needing treatment. Laser photocoagulation was effective to stabilize the disease among 17 treated patients

Objetivos: Avaliar a incidência geral da Retinopatia da Prematuridade (ROP) e a incidência da ROP em forma severa necessitando tratamento, assim como a evolução aos seis meses de idade nos nascidos pretermo admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre outubro de 2002 e outubro de 2006. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, incluindo todos os pretermos com peso de nascimento *1.500 gramas ou com idade gestacional *32 semanas que sobreviveram até o momento do exame oftalmológico inicial. Todos foram examinados por oftalmoscopia binocular indireta entre a 4ª e a 6ª semana de vida com reavaliações periódicas de acordo com os achados baseados na Classificação Internacional da ROP. Resultados: A ROP afetou 82 pacientes (25,5%). A doença severa necessitando tratamento ocorreu em 18 pacientes (5,6%). Dezessete pacientes realizaram tratamento de fotocoagulação por laser diodo. Três das crianças tratadas necessitaram uma segunda sessão de tratamento. Um dos pacientes re-tratados evoluiu com progressão necessitando cirurgia de retinopexia com banda de silicone epi-escleral. Um paciente perdeu a oportunidade do tratamento e desenvolveu cegueira total bilateral. Conclusões: A incidência da doença bem como o percentual de crianças necessitando tratamento na instituição foi similar ao encontrado em outros centros internacionais. O tratamento foi eficiente para estabilizar e evitar a progressão para cegueira em 17 pacientes admitidos no hospital durante o período do estudo

Effect of trace elements on retinopathy of prematurity / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The effect of the trace elements on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were studied. Thirty preterm infants who had potential high risk factors of ROP were selected as observation group and 18 normal infants as control groups. By using atom spectrophotometer, the contents of serum trace elements (Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) were measured and analyzed statistically. The contents of serum Zn, Cu and Se in observation group were 0.75+/-0.22, 0.41+/-0.20 and (134.07+/-71.57)x10(-3) mg/L respectively, and 0.55+/-0.12, 0.65+/-0.194 and (202.92+/-44.71)x10(-3) mg/L in control group respectively (P0.05). It was concluded that the contents of serum Cu and Se in preterm infants who had high risk factors of ROP were obviously lower than in the controls. The contents of serum Cu and Se in the ROP infants were also much lower while contents of Zn much higher. Attention should be paid to the detection of the trace elements in preterm infants in order to prevent the deficiencies of Cu and Se. Only in this way can we prevent the deficiencies of Cu and Se, so as to decrease the ROP risk factors and prevent the disease.

Retinopatia da prematurldade / Retinopathy of prematurity

Os autores fazem uma revisão sobre Retinopatia da Prematuridade (ROP), abordando diagnóstico, classificação, prevenção de doença, seguimento de casos e particularidades de seu tratamento